From Data to Hits: Understanding Mixing and Mastering Techniques that Make a Song Chart-Worthy

Abstract

This study presents a technical analysis of 120 songs selected from the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 Singles of 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020. Each song was analyzed using iZotope Tonal Balance Control 2 for frequency spectrum distribution across four ranges (low, low-mid, high-mid, high), and Youlean Loudness Meter 2 for integrated loudness, average dynamics (PLR), momentary and short-term loudness maxima, and true peak maxima. Song duration, tempo, and bars & beats were measured using Logic Pro X and its BPM Counter plugin. Nine tables were created to summarize both individual song data and aggregated statistics. Tables 1–4 present the metrics for each of the 120 songs analyzed, while Tables 5–9 provide descriptive statistics—including mean, maximum, minimum, mode range, and anti-mode range—which form the basis for the trends and insights discussed in this study. All songs were legally purchased from Apple Music in m4a format to ensure consistency and accuracy. The purpose of this study is to provide music producers, mixing engineers, and mastering engineers with concrete technical benchmarks, enabling them to achieve songs with professional, chart-ready sound. Tonal balance graphs and numeric targets offer guidance for technical decision-making in production, mixing, and mastering. This analysis focuses solely on technical parameters, without evaluating composition or songwriting.